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<h1 id="installing-a-binary-distribution">Installing a Binary Distribution</h1>
<p>See https://lix.systems/install/ for more details.</p>
<!--
FIXME(Lix): There are a bunch of technical details on *how* nix is installed in here that we want to keep but it would need serious rewriting.
The easiest way to install Nix is to run the following command:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>https://nixos.org/nix/install<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sh
</code></pre></div>
This will run the installer interactively (causing it to explain what
it is doing more explicitly), and perform the default "type" of install
for your platform:
- single-user on Linux
- multi-user on macOS
> **Notes on read-only filesystem root in macOS 10.15 Catalina +**
>
> - It took some time to support this cleanly. You may see posts,
> examples, and tutorials using obsolete workarounds.
> - Supporting it cleanly made macOS installs too complex to qualify
> as single-user, so this type is no longer supported on macOS.
We recommend the multi-user install if it supports your platform and
you can authenticate with `sudo`.
## Single User Installation
To explicitly select a single-user installation on your system:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>https://nixos.org/nix/install<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>--no-daemon
</code></pre></div>
This will perform a single-user installation of Nix, meaning that `/nix`
is owned by the invoking user. You can run this under your usual user
account or root. The script will invoke `sudo` to create `/nix`
if it doesn’t already exist. If you don’t have `sudo`, you should
manually create `/nix` first as root, e.g.:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>mkdir<span class="w"> </span>/nix
<span class="gp">$ </span>chown<span class="w"> </span>alice<span class="w"> </span>/nix
</code></pre></div>
The install script will modify the first writable file from amongst
`.bash_profile`, `.bash_login` and `.profile` to source
`~/.nix-profile/etc/profile.d/nix.sh`. You can set the
`NIX_INSTALLER_NO_MODIFY_PROFILE` environment variable before executing
the install script to disable this behaviour.
## Multi User Installation
The multi-user Nix installation creates system users, and a system
service for the Nix daemon.
**Supported Systems**
- Linux running systemd, with SELinux disabled
- macOS
You can instruct the installer to perform a multi-user installation on
your system:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>https://nixos.org/nix/install<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sh<span class="w"> </span>-s<span class="w"> </span>--<span class="w"> </span>--daemon
</code></pre></div>
The multi-user installation of Nix will create build users between the
user IDs 30001 and 30032, and a group with the group ID 30000. You
can run this under your usual user account or root. The script
will invoke `sudo` as needed.
!!! note
If you need Nix to use a different group ID or user ID set, you will
have to download the tarball manually and [edit the install
script](#installing-from-a-binary-tarball).
The installer will modify `/etc/bashrc`, and `/etc/zshrc` if they exist.
The installer will first back up these files with a `.backup-before-nix`
extension. The installer will also create `/etc/profile.d/nix.sh`.
## macOS Installation
[]{#sect-macos-installation-change-store-prefix}[]{#sect-macos-installation-encrypted-volume}[]{#sect-macos-installation-symlink}[]{#sect-macos-installation-recommended-notes}
<!~~ Note: anchors above to catch permalinks to old explanations ~~>
We believe we have ironed out how to cleanly support the read-only root
on modern macOS. New installs will do this automatically.
This section previously detailed the situation, options, and trade-offs,
but it now only outlines what the installer does. You don't need to know
this to run the installer, but it may help if you run into trouble:
- create a new APFS volume for your Nix store
- update `/etc/synthetic.conf` to direct macOS to create a "synthetic"
empty root directory to mount your volume
- specify mount options for the volume in `/etc/fstab`
- `rw`: read-write
- `noauto`: prevent the system from auto-mounting the volume (so the
LaunchDaemon mentioned below can control mounting it, and to avoid
masking problems with that mounting service).
- `nobrowse`: prevent the Nix Store volume from showing up on your
desktop; also keeps Spotlight from spending resources to index
this volume
<!~~ TODO:
- `suid`: honor setuid? surely not? ...
- `owners`: honor file ownership on the volume
For now I'll avoid pretending to understand suid/owners more
than I do. There've been some vague reports of file-ownership
and permission issues, particularly in cloud/VM/headless setups.
My pet theory is that this has something to do with these setups
not having a token that gets delegated to initial/admin accounts
on macOS. See scripts/create-darwin-volume.sh for a little more.
In any case, by Dec 4 2021, it _seems_ like some combination of
suid, owners, and calling diskutil enableOwnership have stopped
new reports from coming in. But I hesitate to celebrate because we
haven't really named and catalogued the behavior, understood what
we're fixing, and validated that all 3 components are essential.
~~>
- if you have FileVault enabled
- generate an encryption password
- put it in your system Keychain
- use it to encrypt the volume
- create a system LaunchDaemon to mount this volume early enough in the
boot process to avoid problems loading or restoring any programs that
need access to your Nix store
## Installing a pinned Nix version from a URL
Version-specific installation URLs for all Nix versions
since 1.11.16 can be found at [releases.nixos.org](https://releases.nixos.org/?prefix=nix/).
The corresponding SHA-256 hash can be found in the directory for the given version.
These install scripts can be used the same as usual:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span>curl<span class="w"> </span>-L<span class="w"> </span>https://releases.nixos.org/nix/nix-&lt;version&gt;/install<span class="w"> </span><span class="p">|</span><span class="w"> </span>sh
</code></pre></div>
## Installing from a binary tarball
You can also download a binary tarball that contains Nix and all its
dependencies. (This is what the install script at
<https://nixos.org/nix/install> does automatically.) You should unpack
it somewhere (e.g. in `/tmp`), and then run the script named `install`
inside the binary tarball:
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>/tmp
<span class="gp">$ </span>tar<span class="w"> </span>xfj<span class="w"> </span>nix-1.8-x86_64-darwin.tar.bz2
<span class="gp">$ </span><span class="nb">cd</span><span class="w"> </span>nix-1.8-x86_64-darwin
<span class="gp">$ </span>./install
</code></pre></div>
If you need to edit the multi-user installation script to use different
group ID or a different user ID range, modify the variables set in the
file named `install-multi-user`.
-->
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