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<h1 id="sec-language-perl">Perl</h1>
<h2 id="ssec-perl-running">Running Perl programs on the shell</h2>
<p>When executing a Perl script, it is possible you get an error such as <code>./myscript.pl: bad interpreter: /usr/bin/perl: no such file or directory</code>. This happens when the script expects Perl to be installed at <code>/usr/bin/perl</code>, which is not the case when using Perl from nixpkgs. You can fix the script by changing the first line to:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env perl</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>to take the Perl installation from the <code>PATH</code> environment variable, or invoke Perl directly with:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ perl ./myscript.pl
</code></pre></div>
<p>When the script is using a Perl library that is not installed globally, you might get an error such as <code>Can't locate DB_File.pm in @INC (you may need to install the DB_File module)</code>. In that case, you can use <code>nix-shell</code> to start an ad-hoc shell with that library installed, for instance:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ nix-shell -p perl perlPackages.DBFile --run ./myscript.pl
</code></pre></div>
<p>If you are always using the script in places where <code>nix-shell</code> is available, you can embed the <code>nix-shell</code> invocation in the shebang like this:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="ch">#!/usr/bin/env nix-shell</span>
<span class="c1">#! nix-shell -i perl -p perl perlPackages.DBFile</span>
</code></pre></div>
<h2 id="ssec-perl-packaging">Packaging Perl programs</h2>
<p>Nixpkgs provides a function <code>buildPerlPackage</code>, a generic package builder function for any Perl package that has a standard <code>Makefile.PL</code>. Its implemented in <a href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/development/perl-modules/generic">pkgs/development/perl-modules/generic</a>.</p>
<p>Perl packages from CPAN are defined in <a href="https://github.com/NixOS/nixpkgs/blob/master/pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix">pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix</a> rather than <code>pkgs/all-packages.nix</code>. Most Perl packages are so straight-forward to build that they are defined here directly, rather than having a separate function for each package called from <code>perl-packages.nix</code>. However, more complicated packages should be put in a separate file, typically in <code>pkgs/development/perl-modules</code>. Here is an example of the former:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">ClassC3</span> <span class="o">=</span> buildPerlPackage <span class="k">rec</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Class-C3&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0.21&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> fetchurl <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;mirror://cpan/authors/id/F/FL/FLORA/</span><span class="si">${</span>pname<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="si">${</span>version<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">.tar.gz&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sha256-/5GE5xHT0uYGOQxroqj6LMU7CtKn2s6vMVoSXxL4iK4=&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Note the use of <code>mirror://cpan/</code>, and the <code>pname</code> and <code>version</code> in the URL definition to ensure that the <code>pname</code> attribute is consistent with the source that were actually downloading. Perl packages are made available in <code>all-packages.nix</code> through the variable <code>perlPackages</code>. For instance, if you have a package that needs <code>ClassC3</code>, you would typically write</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">foo</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="nb">import</span> <span class="l">../path/to/foo.nix</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">inherit</span> stdenv fetchurl <span class="cm">/* ... */</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="k">inherit</span> <span class="p">(</span>perlPackages<span class="p">)</span> ClassC3<span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>in <code>all-packages.nix</code>. You can test building a Perl package as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ nix-build -A perlPackages.ClassC3
</code></pre></div>
<p>To install it with <code>nix-env</code> instead: <code>nix-env -f. -iA perlPackages.ClassC3</code>.</p>
<p>So what does <code>buildPerlPackage</code> do? It does the following:</p>
<ol>
<li>In the configure phase, it calls <code>perl Makefile.PL</code> to generate a Makefile. You can set the variable <code>makeMakerFlags</code> to pass flags to <code>Makefile.PL</code></li>
<li>It adds the contents of the <code>PERL5LIB</code> environment variable to <code>.../bin/perl</code> line of Perl scripts as <code>-Idir</code> flags. This ensures that a script can find its dependencies. (This can cause this shebang line to become too long for Darwin to handle; see the note below.)</li>
<li>In the fixup phase, it writes the propagated build inputs (<code>propagatedBuildInputs</code>) to the file <code>$out/nix-support/propagated-user-env-packages</code>. <code>nix-env</code> recursively installs all packages listed in this file when you install a package that has it. This ensures that a Perl package can find its dependencies.</li>
</ol>
<p><code>buildPerlPackage</code> is built on top of <code>stdenv</code>, so everything can be customised in the usual way. For instance, the <code>BerkeleyDB</code> module has a <code>preConfigure</code> hook to generate a configuration file used by <code>Makefile.PL</code>:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">{</span> buildPerlPackage<span class="p">,</span> fetchurl<span class="p">,</span> db <span class="p">}:</span>
buildPerlPackage <span class="k">rec</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;BerkeleyDB&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;0.36&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> fetchurl <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;mirror://cpan/authors/id/P/PM/PMQS/</span><span class="si">${</span>pname<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="si">${</span>version<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">.tar.gz&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sha256-4Y+HGgGQqcOfdiKcFIyMrWBEccVNVAMDBWZlFTMorh8=&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="ss">preConfigure</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s s-Multiline">&#39;&#39;</span>
<span class="s s-Multiline"> echo &quot;LIB = </span><span class="si">${</span>db<span class="o">.</span>out<span class="si">}</span><span class="s s-Multiline">/lib&quot; &gt; config.in</span>
<span class="s s-Multiline"> echo &quot;INCLUDE = </span><span class="si">${</span>db<span class="o">.</span>dev<span class="si">}</span><span class="s s-Multiline">/include&quot; &gt;&gt; config.in</span>
<span class="s s-Multiline"> &#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>Dependencies on other Perl packages can be specified in the <code>buildInputs</code> and <code>propagatedBuildInputs</code> attributes. If something is exclusively a build-time dependency, use <code>buildInputs</code>; if its (also) a runtime dependency, use <code>propagatedBuildInputs</code>. For instance, this builds a Perl module that has runtime dependencies on a bunch of other modules:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">ClassC3Componentised</span> <span class="o">=</span> buildPerlPackage <span class="k">rec</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Class-C3-Componentised&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;1.0004&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> fetchurl <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;mirror://cpan/authors/id/A/AS/ASH/</span><span class="si">${</span>pname<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="si">${</span>version<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">.tar.gz&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sha256-ASO9rV/FzJYZ0BH572Fxm2ZrFLMZLFATJng1NuU4FHc=&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="ss">propagatedBuildInputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[</span>
ClassC3 ClassInspector TestException MROCompat
<span class="p">];</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>On Darwin, if a script has too many <code>-Idir</code> flags in its first line (its “shebang line”), it will not run. This can be worked around by calling the <code>shortenPerlShebang</code> function from the <code>postInstall</code> phase:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code><span class="p">{</span> lib<span class="p">,</span> stdenv<span class="p">,</span> buildPerlPackage<span class="p">,</span> fetchurl<span class="p">,</span> shortenPerlShebang <span class="p">}:</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">ImageExifTool</span> <span class="o">=</span> buildPerlPackage <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">pname</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Image-ExifTool&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">version</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;12.50&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">src</span> <span class="o">=</span> fetchurl <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="ss">url</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https://exiftool.org/</span><span class="si">${</span>pname<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">-</span><span class="si">${</span>version<span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">.tar.gz&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">hash</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;sha256-vOhB/FwQMC8PPvdnjDvxRpU6jAZcC6GMQfc0AH4uwKg=&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="ss">nativeBuildInputs</span> <span class="o">=</span> lib<span class="o">.</span>optional stdenv<span class="o">.</span>isDarwin shortenPerlShebang<span class="p">;</span>
<span class="ss">postInstall</span> <span class="o">=</span> lib<span class="o">.</span>optionalString stdenv<span class="o">.</span>isDarwin <span class="s s-Multiline">&#39;&#39;</span>
<span class="s s-Multiline"> shortenPerlShebang $out/bin/exiftool</span>
<span class="s s-Multiline"> &#39;&#39;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">};</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</code></pre></div>
<p>This will remove the <code>-I</code> flags from the shebang line, rewrite them in the <code>use lib</code> form, and put them on the next line instead. This function can be given any number of Perl scripts as arguments; it will modify them in-place.</p>
<h3 id="ssec-generation-from-CPAN">Generation from CPAN</h3>
<p>Nix expressions for Perl packages can be generated (almost) automatically from CPAN. This is done by the program <code>nix-generate-from-cpan</code>, which can be installed as follows:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ nix-env -f &quot;&lt;nixpkgs&gt;&quot; -iA nix-generate-from-cpan
</code></pre></div>
<p>Substitute <code>&lt;nixpkgs&gt;</code> by the path of a nixpkgs clone to use the latest version.</p>
<p>This program takes a Perl module name, looks it up on CPAN, fetches and unpacks the corresponding package, and prints a Nix expression on standard output. For example:</p>
<div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><code>$ nix-generate-from-cpan XML::Simple
XMLSimple = buildPerlPackage rec {
pname = &quot;XML-Simple&quot;;
version = &quot;2.22&quot;;
src = fetchurl {
url = &quot;mirror://cpan/authors/id/G/GR/GRANTM/XML-Simple-2.22.tar.gz&quot;;
hash = &quot;sha256-uUUO8i6pZErl1q2ghtxDAPoQW+BQogMOvU79KMGY60k=&quot;;
};
propagatedBuildInputs = [ XMLNamespaceSupport XMLSAX XMLSAXExpat ];
meta = {
description = &quot;API for simple XML files&quot;;
license = with lib.licenses; [ artistic1 gpl1Plus ];
};
};
</code></pre></div>
<p>The output can be pasted into <code>pkgs/top-level/perl-packages.nix</code> or wherever else you need it.</p>
<h3 id="ssec-perl-cross-compilation">Cross-compiling modules</h3>
<p>Nixpkgs has experimental support for cross-compiling Perl modules. In many cases, it will just work out of the box, even for modules with native extensions. Sometimes, however, the Makefile.PL for a module may (indirectly) import a native module. In that case, you will need to make a stub for that module that will satisfy the Makefile.PL and install it into <code>lib/perl5/site_perl/cross_perl/${perl.version}</code>. See the <code>postInstall</code> for <code>DBI</code> for an example.</p>
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